刘杰GMAT语法

刘杰，智课网（SmartStudy）GMAT语法教学权威。国内GMAT语法首席讲师，教学研究权威，毕业于北京语言大学。曾从事翻译工作，包括翻译管理学著作，商业信函等，并在国际展览会上担任口译。后致力于英语培训，先后教授多门课程，包括英语口语，词汇，语法，新概念，大学四六级等。曾到各地高校讲座，足迹遍及江苏，辽宁，甘肃等地，深受广大学生欢迎。闲暇时喜好读书，文史哲都有涉猎。授课风格轻松幽默，喜欢在课堂上与学生们一起攻克考试，探索文化，感悟人生。

主讲内容：

GMAT语法（SC）

Lecture One

GMAT语法入门

本节课授课要点

•GMAT语法考试概述

•GMAT语法考点分析

•GMAT语法错误归类

•GMAT语法解题思路

•GMAT语法真题举例

1.GMAT语法考试概述

•GMAT考试形式：

•关于GMAT语法之江湖传言：

-GMAT语法是最难的语法。——错

-GMAT语法是最变态的语法。——错

-GMAT语法是最不实用的语法。——错

-GMAT语法是跟口语表达不一样的英文。——比较靠谱

-GMAT语法是商业合同中使用的英文。——比较靠谱

•GMAT语法的实际情况：

GMAT语法是一种最严格的书面英文。

例1.

Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none was more concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores.

Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhaps none was more concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores. 正确

通常maybe要改为perhaps/probably。

例2.

The bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks. 正确

The bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long access to funds from deposited checks is to be delayed.

通常be to do要改为will do。

例3.

like用法：like只能用作prep，表示“像”的意思；

like+句子——错；

Like不举例, 举例用 such as。

e.g.

Computers will be used for purposes like diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan.

Computers will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan. 正确

•如何学习GMAT语法：

扎实的理论（记好笔记）

充足的实践（多做练习）

必备语法基础：具备识别句子结构的能力

2.GMAT语法考点分析

•句子分类:

1) 简单句

2) 并列句

3) 复合句

•从句的定义：当某个成分用一句话充当，就产生相应的从句。

-主语从句——名词从句

-宾语从句

-表语从句

-同位语从句

-定语从句——形容词从句

-状语从句——副词从句

•典型考题：

Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.

(A) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only

(B) rank as the nation’s third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(C) has the rank of the nation’s third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(D) are the nation’s third leading causes of death, surpassed only

(E) have been ranked as the nation’s third leading causes of death, only surpassed

3.GMAT语法错误归类

GMAT语法是选择相对最好的一个选项。

•绝对错误

•相对错误

-相对错误类型一，表达不简洁

-相对错误类型二，表达不清晰

-相对错误类型三，表达不忠实原文

4.GMAT语法解题思路

5.GMAT语法真题举例

例1. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none is more concentrated as the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.

(A) maybe none is more concentrated as

(B) it may be that none is more concentrated as

(C) perhaps it is none that is more concentrated than

(D) maybe it is none that was more concentrated than

(E) perhaps none was more concentrated than

例2. Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear, reluctant to organize lower-paid workers.

(A) Unlike the United States, Japanese unions appear, reluctant to organize

(B) Unlike those in the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize

(C) In Japan, unlike the United States, unions appear reluctant about organizing

(D) Japanese unions, unlike the United States, appear reluctant to organize

(E) Japanese unions, unlike those in the United States, appear reluctant about organizing

例3. Unlike auto insurance, the frequency of claims does not affect the premiums for personal property coverage, but if the insurance company is able to prove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew the policy.

(A) Unlike auto insurance, the frequency of claims does not affect the premiums for personal property coverage,

(B) Unlike with auto insurance, the frequency of claims does not affect the premiums for personal property coverage,

(C) Unlike the frequency of claims for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims,

(D) Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims,

(E) Unlike with the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage is not affected by the frequency of claims,

例4. Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human.

(A) Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings

(B) As the Brontes’ and Brownings’ idolization

(C) Like that accorded to the Brontes and Brownings

(D) As it is of the Brontes and Brownings

(E) Like the Brontes and Brownings

例5. Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is maybe the more difficult for analysis.

(A) is maybe the more difficult for analysis

(B) is probably the most difficult to analyze

(C) is maybe the most difficult for analysis

(D) is probably the more difficult to analyze

(E) is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

例6. Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.

(A) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate that

(B) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

(C) equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

(D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate that

(E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate it when

例7. Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.

(A) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only

(B) rank as the nation’s third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(C) has the rank of the nation’s third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(D) are the nation’s third leading causes of death, surpassed only

(E) have been ranked as the nation’s third leading causes of death, only surpasse

本节课作业：

复习并记牢本节课GMAT语法基础理论，

熟练掌握本节课所学语法考点和例题，

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 1-20题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Two

平行结构

本节课授课要点

•平行结构基本概念

•多组并列时的平行

•出现省略情况的平行

•形式一致和含义对等

•平行结构解题分析

1.平行结构的基本概念

•概念：用并列连词连接两个或以上语法功能相同的部分。

例1.

It is a special feature of cell aggregation in the developing nervous system that in most regions of the brain the cells not only adhere to one another and also adopt some preferential orientation.

(A) to one another and also adopt

(B)  one to the other, and also they adopt

(C) one to the other, but also adopting

(D) to one another but also adopt

(E)  to each other, also adopting

例2.

Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.

(A) Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or

(B) Empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from

(C) Empire, either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or

(D) Empire and either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from

(E) Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from

例3.

Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were still about 50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in the consumer price index.

(A) Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were

(B) Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was

(C) In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for the fifth consecutive year but were

(D) 1986 was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but was

(E) 1986 was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but they were

2.多组并列时的平行

例4.

Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as sentinels and to sound a warning at the approach of danger, and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.

(A) acting as sentinels and to sound

(B) acting as sentinels and sounding

(C) to act as sentinels and sound

(D) to act as sentinels and to sound

(E) to act as a sentinel sounding

例5.

Recently implemented “shift-work equations” based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.

(A)  fatigue among shift workers, and have raised

(B)  fatigue among shift workers, and raised

(C)  and fatigue among shift workers while raising

(D)  lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised

(E)  and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising

3.出现省略情况的平行

例6.

Researchers at Cornell University have demonstrated that homing pigeons can sense changes in the earth's magnetic field, see light waves that people cannot see, detect low-frequency sounds from miles away, sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors.

(A) sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors

(B) can sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors

(C) sense changes in air pressure, and identify familiar odors

(D) air pressure changes can be sensed and familiar odors identified

(E) air pressure changes are sensed, and familiar odors identified

例7.

However much United States voters may agree that there is a waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement towards a minimal state.
A. However much United States voters may agree that

B. Despite the agreement among United States voters to the  fact

C.  Although United States voters agree

D.  Even though United States voters may agree

E.   There is agreement among United States voters that

例8.

The most common reasons for an employee’s unwillingness to accept a transfer are that mortgage rates are high, housing in the new location costs more, and the difficulty of selling the old home.

(A) that mortgage rates are high, housing in the new location costs more, and the difficulty of selling the old home

(B) that mortgage rates are high, housing in the new location costs more, and that it is difficult to sell the old home

(C) high mortgage rates, the greater cost of housing in the new location, and that the old home is difficult to sell

(D) high mortgage rates, the greater cost of housing in the new location, and it is difficult to sell the old home

(E) high mortgage rates, the greater cost of housing in the new location, and the difficulty of selling the old home

4.形式一致和含义对等

平行的本质是语法功能相同，在此基础上尽量追求形式一致和含义对等。

e.g.  Tom loves apples, bananas, and success. ——错

5.平行结构解题分析

例9.

Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic signals detected hours before the temblor.

(A) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic             signals detected hours before the temblor

(B) the upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and strange electromagnetic signals  were detected hours before the temblor

(C) the upward thrust threw one man straight into the air, and hours before the temblor strange   electromagnetic signals were detected

(D) one man was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and hours before the temblor strange electromagnetic signals were detected

(E) one man who was thrown straight into the air by the upward thrust, and strange electromagnetic signals that were detected hours before the temblor

例10.

New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.

(A) splitting apart continents

(B) the splitting apart of continents

(C) split apart continents

(D) continents split apart

(E) continents that were split apart

*动名词可以和名词平行，但有宾语的动名词通常不可以。

smell / touch / taste / sight / hearing(可以)

hearing a story（不可以）

例11.

Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changing the measured strain across a fault zone, and varying the electrical properties of underground rocks.

(A) changing the measured strain across a fault zone and varying

(B) changing measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and varying

(C) changing the strain as measured across a fault zone, and variations of

(D) changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in

(E) changes in measurements of the strain across a fault zone, and variations among

本节课作业：

复习并记牢本节课所学平行结构理论，

熟练掌握本节课所讲的平行例题，

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 21-40题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Three

动词探秘

本节课授课要点

•概述动词时态考点

•详解四大时态用法

•概述主谓一致考点

•归纳主谓一致做题原则

•语法典型题目举例

1.概括动词时态考点

Why  important？

Why  difficult？

2.详解四大时态用法

1) 一般现在时

2) 一般过去时

3) 现在完成时

4) 过去完成时

3.概括主谓一致考点

介宾短语

插入语

倒装句式

就近一致

复合主语

4.归纳主谓一致做题原则

1) 介宾短语

2) 插入语

3) 倒装句式

4) 就近一致

5) 复合主语

5.语法典型题目举例

例1.

Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.

(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control

(B) are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control

(C) are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling

(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling

(E) had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling

例2.

Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.

(A) was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it

(B) was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for consideration of possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

(C) was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally

(D) has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

(E) has never been applied, Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

例3.

Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.

(A) were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people

(B) had been part of a widespread culture of people who were  Algonquian-speaking

(C) were people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking

(D) had been people who were part of a widespread culture that was Algonquian-speaking

(E) were a people which had been part of a widespread, Algonquian-speaking culture

例4.

Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city's building code.

(A) Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year  were

(B) Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year  had been

(C) Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been

(D) Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been

(E) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake had been

例5.

Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison.

(A)  did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was

(B)  have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was

(C)  had not doubted that the body recovered from the river was

(D)  have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was  that of

(E)  had no doubt that the body recovered from the river was that of

例6.

The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.

(A) having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they

(C) with its hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain scientists’ assuming that they

(D) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain scientists’ assuming that it

(E) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it

例7.

Out of America's fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge，the overstuffed sofa，and the claw-footed bathtub.

(A) things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing

(B) things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing

(C) things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring

(D) antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing

(E) antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring

例8.

Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish and Italian words.

(A) to which has been added English, Spanish and Italian words

(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words

(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added

(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it

(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added

例9.

Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.

(A) little water or services exist

(B) little water or services exists

(C) few services and little water exists

(D) there is little water or services available

(E)  there are few services and little available water

例10.

The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective is in the cutting and closing of blond vessels, and in the destruction of tumors.

(A) is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels, and in the destruction

(B) are the cutting and closing of blood vessels, and also the case of  destroying

(C) are the cutting, closing of blood vessels, and in the destroying

(D) are the cutting and closing of blood vessels, and the destruction

(E) is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels, and the destroying

本节课作业

复习并记牢本节课动词基本考点

熟练掌握本节课时态、主谓一致例题

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 41-60题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Four

非谓语动词

本节课授课要点

•概述动词不定式用法

•概述动名词用法

•详解分词逻辑主语考点

•详解分词做状语考点

•语法典型题目举例

1.概述动词不定式用法

•作用

2.概述动名词用法

•作用

3.详解分词逻辑主语考点

分词：

现在分词（doing）；过去分词（done）

•分词逻辑主语的概念

•分词逻辑主语的形式

4.详解分词作状语考点

分词在句末的情况：

1) 作定语

2) 作状语

5.语法典型题目举例

例1.

Some analysts of retirement problems insist that the only way to provide equity and protection for all Americans is to amalgamate all retirement-income systems, including Social Security, into one central system.

(A) insist that the only way to provide equity and protection for all Americans is to amalgamate

(B) have insisted the only way equity and protection can be provided for all Americans is amalgamating

(C) insist the only way to provide equity and protection for all Americans is the amalgamation of

(D) are insistent that the only way equity and protection can be provided for all Americans is the amalgamation of

(E) insist that the only way for the provision of equity and protection for all Americans is to amalgamate

注意   the only way to do sth（定语）

例2.

Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.

(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete

(B) Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it

(C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife

(D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife

(E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife

例3.

Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of The Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.

(A) Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of The Messenger were two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.

(B) Published in Harlem, two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, were the owner and editor of The Messenger.

(C) Published in Harlem, The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.

(D) The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and published in Harlem.

(E) The owner and editor being two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, The Messenger was published in Harlem

例4.

By installing special electric pumps，farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk， according to one agricultural engineer.

(A) farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk，according to one agricultural engineer.

(B) the warmth from cows' milk could be used by farmers to heat their houses，according to one agricultural engineer

(C) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses

(D) farmers， according to one agricultural engineer，could use the warmth from cows' milk to heat their houses

(E) one agricultural engineer reports that farmers' houses could be heated by the warmth from cows' milk

例5.

Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.

(A) in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy,

(B) if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food,

(C) in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food,

(D) if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,

(E) in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior

例6.

By studying the primitive visual systems of single-cell aquatic organisms, biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows, a similarity that indicates the common evolutionary origin of plants and animals: both algae and cows produce a light-sensitive protein called rhodopsin.

(A) biophysicists have discovered a striking similarity between algae and cows

(B) a striking similarity between algae and cows has been discovered by biophysicists

(C) there is a striking similarity that biophysicists have discovered between algae and cows

(D) the discovery of a striking similarity between algae and cows was made by biophysicists

(E) algae and cows have a striking similarity that was discovered by biophysicists

例7.

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

(A) a method to protect

(B) as a method protecting

(C) protecting

(D) as a protection of

(E) to protect

use  sth  as…..  把……用作….

例8.

The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.

(A) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

(B) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

(C) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

(D) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

(E) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit

例9.

Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse. which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.

(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of

(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business

(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of

(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business

(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

例10.

Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(A) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(B) Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

(C) Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.

(D) By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heart-beats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device by a physician.

(E) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

例11.

Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, it was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise.

it was decided by the company manager to give her staff a raise

(B) the decision of the company manager was to give her staff a raise

(C) the company manager decided to give her staff a raise

(D) the staff was given a raise by the company manager

(E) a raise was given to the staff by the company manager

本节课作业

复习并记牢本节课非谓语考点，

熟练掌握本节课分词相关例题，

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 61-80题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Five

小词大用

本节课授课要点

•介绍核心考点：代词 并总结代词7大考点

•介绍形容词和副词用法

•语法典型题目举例

1.介绍核心考点：代词 并总结代词7大考点

1) 代词单复数问题

2) 代词没有代替对象

3) 代词不能代替句子

4) 相同代词要等于相同内容

5) it 做形式主语/形式宾语

6) 做主语的代词首先指主语。

7) 定语从句引导词（who/ that/ which）

2.介绍形容词和副词用法

1) 作用

2) 公式

3.语法典型题目举例

例1

In three centuries—from 1050 to 1350—several million tons of stone were quarried in France for the building of eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some tens of thousands of parish churches.

(A)for the building of eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some

(B) in order that they might build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some

(C) so as they might build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and some

(D) so that there could be built eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and

(E) such that they could build eighty cathedrals, five hundred large churches, and

例2.

Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.

(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses.

(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.

(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

例3

Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

(A) bringing

(B) and brings

(C) and it brings

(D) and it brought

(E)  and brought

bring  A  to B——  bring to B A

(1) The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet

(2) The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers  how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.

例4.

Though the term "graphic design" may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging work, from package designs and company logotypes to signs, book jackets, computer graphics, and film titles.

(A) suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging

(B) suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of

(C) suggest corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified widely ranging

(D) have suggested corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified a wide range of

(E) have suggested laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging

例5.

That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.

(A) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault

(B) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said to be at fault

(C) It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology

(D) It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology

(E) The fact that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said

例6.

Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.

(A) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be

(B) Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being

(C) A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being

(D) A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as

(E) Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as

例7.

Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does——computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.

(A) as an expert does——computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.

(B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan.

(C) like an expert——computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize loan.

(D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized.

(E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like.

例8.

As a result of medical advances, many people that might at one time have died as children of such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.

(A) that might at one time have died as children

(B) who might once have died in childhood

(C) that as children might once have died

(D) who in childhood might have at one time died

(E) who, when they were children, might at one time have died

例9.

The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.

(A) which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

(B) which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(C) which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue

(D) likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(E) likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

liken  A  to  B       把A比作B

例10.

It is possible that Native Americans originally have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska.

(A) have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed

(B) were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that existed once

(C) migrated over a bridge of land to the Western Hemisphere that once existed

(D) migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed

(E) were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land existing once

例11.

While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it would be taught as a separately required course.

(A) only if it would be taught as a separately required course

(B) only if it is taught as a separate, required course

(C) if it is taught only as a course required separately

(D) if it was taught only as a separate and required course

(E) if it would only be taught as a required course, separately

例12.

Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.

(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at

(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to

(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at

(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to

(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at

本节课作业

复习并记牢本节课代词、形容词、副词考点

熟练掌握本节课相关例题

完成OG-Sentence Correction-Practice Questions 81-100题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Six

特殊成分

本节课授课要点

•详解重要考点：同位语

•学习补语基本用法

•识别省略的状语从句

•总结典型题目解题方法

1.详解重要考点：同位语

1) 概念

2) 位置

3) 同位语从句

2.学习补语基本用法

1) 补语概念

2) 宾补和双宾语

3) 搭配

4) 形式宾语（it）+ 宾补（adj.）+ 真宾

3.识别省略的状语从句

1) 从句的构成

2) 省略的条件

4.总结典型题目解题方法

例1.

Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A) huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

(B) without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

(C) the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya

(E) were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

例2.

A common disability in test pilots is hearing impairment, a consequence of sitting too close to large jet engines for long periods of time.

(A) a consequence of sitting too close to large jet engines for long periods of time

(B) a consequence from sitting for long periods of time too near to large jet engines

(C) a consequence which resulted from sitting too close to large jet engines for long periods of time

(D) damaged from sitting too near to large jet engines for long periods of time

(E) damaged because they sat too close to large jet engines for long periods of time

例3.

Gall’s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today.

(A) of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(B) of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(C) that different mental functions are localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(D) which is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain is widely accepted today

(E) which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain

例4.

The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his "Essay on Heat and Light," a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.

(A) a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a

(B) a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of a

(C) a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as well

(D) critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision of

(E) critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of

例5.

A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism.

(A)Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism what

(B)Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism like

(C)Adam Smith's two major books are to democratic capitalism just as

(D)Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to

(E)Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what

例6.

George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.

(A) to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

(B) should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

(C) as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them

(D) as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them

(E) legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

例7.

Critics of the trend toward privately operated prisons consider corrections facilities to be an integral part of the criminal justice system and question if profits should be made from incarceration.

(A) to be an integral part of the criminal justice system and question if

(B) as an integral part of the criminal justice system and they question if

(C) as being an integral part of the criminal justice system and question whether

(D) an integral part of the criminal justice system and question whether

(E) are an integral part of the criminal justice system, and they question whether

例8.

The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800’s have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators.

(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators

(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators

(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

例9.

Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer from what remained of the inscription that the priest Zonainos was buried in the crypt．

(A) Although partially destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer

(B) Although partial1y destroyed, the archaeologists had inferred

(C) Although it had been partial1y destroyed, the archaeologists were able to infer

(D) Partial1y destroyed though it had been, the archaeologists had been able to infer

(E) Destroyed partially, the archaeologists were able to infer

例10.

Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.

(D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.

(E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.

例11.

It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers more than four times the surface area of its closest rival in size, North America's Lake Superior.

(A) It is called a sea, but the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(B) Although it is called a sea, actually the landlocked Caspian is the largest lake on Earth, which covers

(C) Though called a sea, the landlocked Caspian is actually the largest lake on Earth, covering

(D) Though called a sea but it actually is the largest lake on Earth, the landlocked Caspian covers

(E) Despite being called a sea, the largest lake on Earth is actually the landlocked Caspian, covering

例12.

Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.

(A) Although just inside the orbit of

(B) Although it is just inside the orbit of

(C) Just inside the orbit of

(D) Orbiting just inside

(E) Having orbited just inside

本节课作业

复习并记牢本节课特殊成分的考点

熟练掌握本节课相关例题

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 101-120题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Seven

特殊结构

本节课授课要点

•比较结构解题思路

•比较结构常考句型

•虚拟语气主要考点

•复习期间注意事项

1.比较结构解题思路

•总原则

例1.

Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.

(A) into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road

(B) into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present

(C) for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road

(D) in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road

(E) in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road

例2.

Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel.

(A) less of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel

(B) fewer of certain pollutants than burning gasoline or diesel fuel do

(C) less of certain pollutants than gasoline or diesel fuel

(D) fewer of certain pollutants than does burning gasoline or diesel fuel

(E) less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel

例3.

It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.

(A) those that are against a

(B) those against a

(C) it is against a

(D) preventing those against a

(E) it is to prevent those against a

例4.

The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation’s 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.

(A) than

(B) than those of

(C) than is so of

(D) compared to

(E) compared to those of

2.比较结构常考句型

1) more … than …

      as … as …

例5.

Few people realize that the chance of accidental injury or death may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than in a plane or on the road.

(A) may be as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than

(B) is at least as great or greater in the “safety” of their own homes than

(C) might be so great or greater in the “safety” of their own home as

(D) may be at least as great in the “safety” of their own homes as

(E) can be at least so great in the “safety” of their own home as

例6.

Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city.

(A) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than any large city

(B) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than any other large city

(C) a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city

(D) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities

(E) a high per capita number of family dwellings, more than does any other large city

2) Like A, B V C. （A/B要对等）

     In contrast to A, B V C. （A/B要对等）

例7.

In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable.

(A) processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain

(B) processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining

(C) the processing of steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining

(D) small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain

(E) small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remained

3) 当as做“像”讲，一定是conj.，一定+句子

4)、Just as A V1, so B V2.  正如A做了…，B也做了…

(so后面也可以用倒装)

例8.

Just as reading Samuel Pepys’s diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century—of its texture and psyche—so Jane Freed’s guileless child-narrator takes the operagoer inside turn-of-the-century Vienna.

(A) so Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer

(B) so listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer

(C) so the guileless child narrator of Jane Freed takes the operagoer

(D) Listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer

(E) Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the operagoer to her opera

3.虚拟语气主要考点

1) 条件句中的虚拟

2) 宾语从句中的虚拟

在表示建议、命令、要求的动词后常考虚拟

例9.

Constance Horner, chief of the United States government's personnel agency, has recommended that the use of any dangerous or illegal drug in the five years prior to application for a job be grounds for not hiring an applicant.

(A) the use of any dangerous or illegal drug in the five years prior to application for a job be grounds for not hiring an applicant.

(B) any dangerous or illegal drug, if used, in the five years prior to applying for a job,should be grounds for not hiring an applicant

(C) an applicant's use of any dangerous or illegal drug in the five years prior to application for a job be grounds not to hire them

(D) an applicant's use of any dangerous or illegal drug in the five years prior to applying for a job are grounds that they not be hired

(E) for five years prior to applying for a job, an applicant's use of any dangerous or illegal drug be grounds for not hiring them

例10.

The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.

(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks

(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check

(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks

(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a deposited check

(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed

例11.

A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.

(A) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought

(B) claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought

(C) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analysts

(D) claims, suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analysts

(E) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts

例12.

The report recommended that the hospital should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and use space in other hospitals.

(A) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and use space in other hospitals

(B) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and other hospitals' space be used

(C) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and to use space in other hospitals

(D) eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and other hospitals' space used

(E) eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and use space in other hospitals

4.复习期间注意事项

1) 基础

2) 强化

老师的邮箱:    woainigmat@sohu.com

老师的博客： blog.sina.com.cn / lovegrowalways

本节课作业

复习并记牢本节课特殊结构考点，

熟练掌握本节课相关例题，

完成OG-Sentence Correction- Practice Questions 121-140题

本次作业建议完成时间：48小时内

Lecture Eight

习题精讲

本节课授课要点

•习题精讲

1.习题精讲

例1  It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency of inventory turnovers can be crucial to profits.

(A) the frequency of inventory turnovers can be

(B) the frequency of inventory turnovers is often

(C) the frequency with which the inventory turns over is often

(D) how frequently is the inventory turned over are often

(E) how frequently the inventory turns over can be

例2  Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package even if they find a new job before they are terminated.

(A) the last day scheduled to collect, workers at the automobile company are eligible for its severance package

(B) the last day they are scheduled to collect, workers are eligible for the automobile company's severance package

(C) their last scheduled day to collect, the automobile company offers its severance package to worker

(D) their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers

(E) the last day that they are scheduled to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers

例3  Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past.

(A) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past

(B) it must now be determined by the airline's board of directors how the airline can both increase profits and must compete more effectively than in the past for customers

(C) the airline's board of directors must now determine both how to make the airline increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than they did in the past

(D) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past

(E) the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and also how to make it compete more effectively than in the past for customers

例4  Joachim Raff and Giacomo Meyerbeer are examples of the kind of composer who receives popular acclaim while living, often goes into decline after death, and never regains popularity again.

(A) often goes into decline after death, and never regains popularity again

(B) whose reputation declines after death and never regains its status again

(C) but whose reputation declines after death and never regains its former status

(D) who declines in reputation after death and who never regained popularity again

(E) then has declined in reputation after death and never regained popularity

例5  Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.

(A) were influential on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from

(B) influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from

(C) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, was also inspirational to many musicians, that included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was different significantly in comparison to

(D) was influential to generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, who included Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, the music of whom differed significantly when compared to

(E) were an influence on generations of bluegrass artists, was also an inspiration to many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music was significantly different from that of

例6  Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.

(A) a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one

(B) when a condition is present and indicate that there is one

(C) a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present

(D) when a condition is present and indicate its presence

(E) the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence

不同代词代替不同内容

例7  Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations

(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations

(C) that flourished at the same time those had

(D) flourishing at the same time as those did

(E) flourishing at the same time as those were

例8  In astronomy the term "red shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.

(A) to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

(B) to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted

(C) that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

(D) of light from a distant galaxy shifting

(E) of the shift of light from a distant galaxy

例9  Thomas Eakins's powerful style and his choices of subject-the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves-was as disturbing to his own time as it is compelling for ours.

(A) was as disturbing to his own time as it is

(B) were as disturbing to his own time as they are

(C) has been as disturbing in his own time as they are

(D) had been as disturbing in his own time as it was

(E) have been as disturbing in his own time as

例10  The Federal Reserve Board’s reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an acknowledgement of past economic trends and an effort to influence their future direction.

(A) reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is both an acknowledgement of past economic trends and an effort.

(B) reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgment both of past economic trends as well as an effort.

(C) reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic trends and attempt

(D) reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions is an acknowledgement both of past economic trends and an effort

(E) reducing interest rates on loans to financial institutions both acknowledge past economic trends as well as attempt